§ 911 [General Rule Against Privileges]

This law sets the basic starting point for privileges in California courts. It says that unless another law specifically creates an exception, nobody gets to claim a special privilege to avoid testifying, keep information secret, or block evidence from being shown in court.

In plain terms, this means people generally have to testify if called as a witness. They also have to answer questions and hand over documents or evidence if asked, unless a specific law gives them the right to refuse. This includes situations where someone might want to stop another person from testifying or sharing information, that kind of blocking power does not exist unless a law specifically allows it.

This rule matters because privileges like attorney-client privilege, doctor-patient confidentiality, or the right against self-incrimination are special exceptions to this general rule. Those exceptions exist, but they have to come from a specific law. Without one, courts assume that people must share information and testify openly.