§ 43 Proceedings when charge is controverted.

When someone is brought before a judge on a criminal charge and they disagree with the charge, the judge has to hold a hearing and listen to evidence about what happened. This gives the accused person a chance to challenge the charge instead of just accepting it.

If the accused person asks for it, the judge must have the testimony written down. Each witness then has to sign their own statement to confirm it's accurate. This creates a written record that can be used later in the case, and it helps make sure witnesses stand behind what they said.