Art. 681 Real and actual interest required

Only someone who has a genuine stake in a legal dispute can file a lawsuit about it. You can't sue over a problem that doesn't actually affect you or your rights. The law wants real cases with real stakes, not people trying to sue on behalf of others or over issues that don't touch their own interests.

There are some exceptions written into other laws, where someone might be allowed to sue even without a direct personal stake. But as a general rule, you need to show that you have something real to gain or lose in the case before a court will let you bring it. This keeps courts focused on actual disputes between people who are truly affected, rather than hypothetical or unrelated claims.