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Chapter 1: Authentication and Proof of Writings | Article 2: Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings

California Evidence Code – 2026

Back to Part Division 11: Writings ← Previous Division 11: Writings | Chapter 1: Authentication and Proof of Writings | Article 1: Requirement of Authentication Next → Division 11: Writings | Chapter 1: Authentication and Proof of Writings | Article 3: Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings

All Sections

Article 1: Requirement of Authentication Article 2: Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings Article 3: Presumptions Affecting Acknowledged Writings and Official Writings Article 1: Proof of the Content of a Writing Article 2: Official Writings and Recorded Writings Article 3: Photographic Copies and Printed Representations of Writings Article 4: Production of Business Records Chapter 3: Official Writings Affecting Property
§ 1410 [Authentication Methods Not Limited by Article] § 1410.5 [Graffiti as Writing for Authentication Purposes] § 1411 [Subscribing Witness Testimony Not Required] § 1412 [Authentication When Subscribing Witness Unavailable] § 1413 [Authentication by Witness to Writing] § 1414 [Authentication by Party Admission or Conduct] § 1415 [Authentication by Handwriting Evidence] § 1416 [Lay Witness Opinion on Handwriting] § 1417 [Trier of Fact Handwriting Comparison] § 1418 [Expert Witness Handwriting Comparison] § 1419 [Handwriting Comparison for Ancient Documents] § 1420 [Authentication by Reply Communication] § 1421 [Authentication by Unique Knowledge of Contents]