Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence – 2026

Rules governing the admission and exclusion of evidence in Pennsylvania courts, modeled on the Federal Rules of Evidence with Pennsylvania-specific modifications.

Last updated October 02, 2026

Browse all 62 rules of the 2026 edition below. Each rule includes the full text, a plain-English summary, committee notes, amendment history, and cross-references to related rules. Use the search box to find rules by keyword or number.

Article I: General Provisions

Rule 101 Scope, Adoption and Citation, and Construction of Rules Rule 102 Application of Rules Rule 103 Rulings on Evidence Rule 104 Preliminary Questions Rule 105 Limiting Evidence That is Not Admissible Against Other Parties or for Other Purposes Rule 106 Remainder of or Related Writings or Recorded Statements

Article II: Judicial Notice

Rule 201 Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts

Article III: Presumptions

Rule 301 Presumptions

Article IV: Relevance and Its Limits

Rule 401 Test for Relevant Evidence Rule 402 General Admissibility of Relevant Evidence Rule 403 Excluding Relevant Evidence for Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time, or Other Reasons Rule 404 Character Evidence; Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts Rule 405 Methods of Proving Character Rule 406 Habit; Routine Practice Rule 407 Subsequent Remedial Measures Rule 408 Compromise Offers and Negotiations Rule 409 Offers to Pay Medical and Similar Expenses Rule 410 Pleas, Plea Discussions, and Related Statements Rule 411 Liability Insurance Rule 412 Sex Offense Cases: The Victim’s Sexual Behavior or Predisposition (Not Adopted) Rule 413 Evidence of Immigration Status

Article V: Privileges

Rule 501 Privileges Rule 502 Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver (Not Adopted)

Article VI: Witnesses

Rule 601 Competency Rule 602 Need for Personal Knowledge Rule 603 Oath or Affirmation to Testify Truthfully Rule 604 Interpreter Rule 605 Judge’s Competency as a Witness Rule 606 Juror’s Competency as a Witness Rule 607 Who May Impeach a Witness, Evidence to Impeach a Witness Rule 608 A Witness’s Character for Truthfulness or Untruthfulness Rule 609 Impeachment by Evidence of a Criminal Conviction Rule 610 Religious Beliefs or Opinions Rule 611 Mode and Order of Examining Witnesses and Presenting Evidence Rule 612 Writing or Other Item Used to Refresh a Witness’s Memory Rule 613 Witness’s Prior Inconsistent Statement to Impeach; Witness’s Prior Consistent Statement to Rehabilitate Rule 614 Court’s Calling or Examining a Witness Rule 615 Sequestering Witnesses

Article VII: Opinions and Expert Testimony

Rule 702 Testimony by Expert Witnesses Rule 703 Bases of an Expert’s Opinion Testimony Rule 704 Opinion on an Ultimate Issue Rule 705 Disclosing the Facts or Data Underlying an Expert’s Opinion Rule 706 Court-Appointed Expert Witnesses

Article VIII: Hearsay

Rule 801 Definitions That Apply to This Article Rule 802 The Rule Against Hearsay Rule 803 Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—Regardless of Whether the Declarant Is Available as a Witness Rule 803.1 Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—Testimony of Declarant Necessary Rule 804 Exceptions to the Rule Against Hearsay—When the Declarant is Unavailable as a Witness Rule 805 Hearsay Within Hearsay Rule 806 Attacking and Supporting the Declarant’s Credibility Rule 807 Residual Exception (Not Adopted)

Article IX: Authentication and Identification

Rule 901 Authenticating or Identifying Evidence Rule 902 Evidence That is Self-Authenticating Rule 903 Subscribing Witness’s Testimony

Article X: Contents of Writings, Recordings, and Photographs

Rule 1001 Definitions That Apply to This Article Rule 1002 Requirement of the Original Rule 1003 Admissibility of Duplicates Rule 1004 Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content Rule 1005 Copies of Public Records to Prove Content Rule 1006 Summaries to Prove Content Rule 1007 Testimony or Statement of a Party to Prove Content Rule 1008 Functions of the Court and Jury